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British Civilization
L O N D O N A N D N E W Y O R K
ROUTLEDGE
British
Civilization
An introduction
F O U R T H E D I T I O N
John Oakland
First published 1989
now known or hereafter invented,
by Routledge
including photocopying and recording,
11 New Fetter Lane,
or in any information storage or
London EC4P 4EE
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Simultaneously published in the USA
and Canada
British Library Cataloguing in
by Routledge
Publication Data
29 West 35th Street, New York
A catalogue record for this book is
NY 10001
available from the British Library
Second edition 1991
Library of Congress Cataloging in
Third edition 1995
Publication Data
Fourth edition 1998
Oakland, John
Routledge is an imprint of the
British civilization: an introduction
Taylor & Francis Group
p.
cm.
This edition published in the Taylor & Includes bibliographical references (p. ) Francis e-Library, 2003.
and index
1. Great Britain—Civilization
I. Title
© 1989, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1998
DA110.025
1998
John Oakland
941–dc21
Text design: Barker/Hilsdon
ISBN 0-203-44710-7 Master e-book ISBN
All rights reserved. No part of this
book may be reprinted or reproduced
ISBN 0-203-75534-0 (Adobe eReader Format) or utilized in any form or by any
ISBN 0-415-16569-5 (Print Edition)
electronic, mechanical, or other means,
Contents
Contents
List of plates
x
List of figures
xiii
List of tables
xiv
Preface and acknowledgements
xv
Chronology of significant dates in British history
xvii
Introduction
1
Exercises
10
1 The country
11
Physical features
13
Climate
21
Agriculture, fisheries and forestry
23
Energy resources
28
Transport and communications
32
Attitudes to the environment
38
v
C O N T E N T S
Exercises
43
2 The people
45
Early settlement to AD 1066
46
Growth and immigration to the twentieth century 49
Immigration in the twentieth century
53
Population movements in the twentieth century 58
Attitudes to Britishness and national identity 61
Exercises
68
3 Political institutions
69
English political history
71
The constitutional and governmental framework 77
The monarchy
80
The Privy Council